16. Trade and Other Receivables

Accounting Policy

At initial recognition, financial assets are classified as either measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income or fair value through profit or loss. The classification depends on the Group’s business model for managing the asset and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset. The Group does not have assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Financial assets are initially recognized on the trade date, the date on which the Group commits to purchase the asset. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. Upon derecognition any gain or loss are recognized in the consolidated Income Statement.

Financial assets at amortized cost

Financial assets at amortized cost are financial assets held within a business model aimed at holding the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows. Timing of these cash flows is determined in the contract and comprise solely payments of principle and interest. Assets measured at amortized cost are initially recognized at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs. For trade receivables, the transaction price is deemed to be equal to the fair value. Subsequently, these assets are carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method less any allowance for expected credit losses.

Interest income on assets is recognized in the consolidated Income Statement.

Impairment of financial assets

The Group assesses on a forward-looking basis the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost and at fair value through other comprehensive income. The resulting allowance is generally based on a 12-month expected credit loss. When credit risk on an asset increases significantly the calculation of the expected credit loss is based on the full lifetime of the financial asset.

The Group applies judgement in its assessments of credit risk and expected credit losses based on current and historical data as well as forward-looking estimates. Changes in the allowance are recorded in the consolidated Income Statement with a reduction to the carrying value of financial assets measured at amortized cost, as an expected credit loss provision.

The Group applies the full lifetime credit loss method to trade receivables that have a maturity of one year or less. The Group applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses for trade receivables (i.e. provision matrix).

For financial assets measured at amortized cost, the Group applies the general approach under IFRS 9. The resulting allowance is generally based on a 12-month expected credit loss. When credit risk on an asset increases significantly the calculation of the expected credit loss is based on the full lifetime of the financial asset. The Group considers the probability of default upon initial recognition of the asset and whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk on an ongoing basis throughout each reporting period. A significant increase in credit risk is presumed if a debtor is past due in making a contractual payment for a period outside of normal business practices. A default on a financial asset occurs when the counterparty fails to make contractual payments for a period significantly outside of normal business practices.

When using the general approach, for financial assets measured at amortized cost other than trade receivables with a low risk of default and a strong capacity to meet contractual cash flows, a 12-month expected credit loss provision is recognized. For financial assets measured at amortized cost other than trade receivables with a significant increase in credit risk and debtors that have defaulted, the expected credit loss provision is recognized based on lifetime expected credit losses. The amount of the provision is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the effective interest rate.

Financial assets measured at amortized cost are written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. This is generally the case when the Group determines that the debtor does not have any assets or other sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the relevant amount.

Impairment losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost are included in the selling and marketing costs in the consolidated Income Statement. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are also credited against the same line item.

The table below shows trade and other receivables:

The carrying value less provision for impairment approximates the fair value of the assets.

Non-current trade receivables relate to optical subscriptions arrangements mainly in Sweden and Denmark. Current part of these arrangements is equal to €25.3 million (2019: €5 million) and included in current trade receivables.

Impairment of Financial Assets

The Group has two types of financial assets that are subjective to the expected credit loss model:

• Trade receivables
• Other financial assets measured at amortized cost

Trade receivables

To measure the expected credit losses, trade receivables have been grouped based on shared credit risk characteristics and the days past due. The expected credit loss provision for trade receivables is determined as follows:

Other financial assets measured at amortized cost

Other financial assets measured at amortized cost generally arise from transactions outside the trade activities of the Group and relate mainly to rental deposits, lease receivables, taxes and social security, other business receivables and loans to management. Business receivables include mainly receivables related to commissions earned on consumer insurances sold and supplier receivables.

Management considers these financial assets to have a low credit risk since based on limited historical credit losses, these financial assets have low risk of default and have a strong capacity to meet their contractual cash flow obligations in the near term. At reporting date, there is no significant increase of credit risk since initial recognition and as such, the Group measured the expected credit loss provision at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses.

No significant changes to estimation techniques or assumptions were made during the reporting period.

Movements on the provision for the impairment of trade receivables and other financial assets measured at amortized cost are as follows:

The carrying amounts of the Group’s trade receivables, including provision, by currency :